Free Architecture Ebook: Renaissance Architecture

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Renaissance Architecture

Download Free Architecture Ebook: Renaissance Architecture
 

2. Outline Time and Place Map of Italy during the Renaissance Socio-Historical Background- The lessons of Greece and Rome- New technologies and inventions- A new way of thinking Renaissance Architects and their Works The Renaissance in France and England

3. Time and PlaceThe Renaissance (Italian: Rinascimento, from ri- "again" and nascere "be born") was a cultural movement that spanned roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Florence in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe. App 1400 – 1700AD Italy - In the middle ages, was composed of different city-states and fiefdoms eg Florence, Venice, Milan, Mantua.Florence – is considered as the birthplace of the RenaissanceIn Florence, the wealthy wool merchants and bankers sought prestige and status through their patronage of arts and letters, and architects and artists displayed their

4. What was the Renaissance?The intellectual transformation that happened duringthe Renaissance has resulted with this period beingviewed as a bridge between the Middle Ages and the Modern era.

5. The Renaissance inAs a cultural movement, it Italyencompassed a resurgence oflearning based on:•classical sources•the development of linearperspective in painting•gradual but widespreadeducational reform.Although the Renaissancesaw revolutions in manyintellectual pursuits, as well associal and political upheaval, itis perhaps best known for itsartistic developments and thecontributions of suchpolymaths as Leonardo daVinci and Michelangelo, whoinspired the term"Renaissance man―.

6. Access to the Classical Texts and the Teaching of Humanities The key to a new vision of human life and therefore of architecture came from the scholars’ access to the classical texts. International trading exchanges had helped to disseminate ideas, and a group of teachers of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, history and philosophy) who acquired the name of Humanists, played a crucial part in their propagation. These texts, including eventually The Duke of Urbino. The Duke about architecture were spread collected one of the finest libraries in through developments in printing. Italy, employing it is said, thirty or forty scribes for fourteen years to (Gutenberg invented the movable copy the great classical and modern type in 1450) texts.

7. Humanism and the Renaissance Humanism was a new world view. It celebrated rationality and mankind’s ability to make and act upon empirical observations of the physical world. Humanist scholars and artists recovered classical Greek and Roman texts and aspired to create a modern world rivalling that of the ancients. One of the most important was Vitruvius’ text on architecture which had been re discovered in Switzerland. Rather than train professionals in jargon and strict practice, humanists sought to create a citizenry (including, sometimes, women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity. Thus, they would be capable of better engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy.

8. Vitruvius’ Ten Books of ArchitectureIn 1487 the ancient text of Vitruviuswas one of the first books printed.The impact of printing wastremendous.The architectural theorists of therevived antique style –Alberti, Serlio, Francesco deGiorgio, Palladio, Vignola, GuilioRomano – all wrote treatises thatowed something to Vitruvius. Thesemen were no longer mastermasons, however brilliant, they werescholars.Architecture was no longer thecontinuation of a practicaltradition, handed on throughmason’s lodges; it was a literaryidea. The architect was not just

9. De Architectura ("OnArchitecture") Marcus Vitruvius Pollio (born c. 80–70 BC, died after c. 15 BC) was a Roman writer, architect and engineer, active in the 1st century BC. He is best known as the author of the multi-volume work De Architectura ("On Architecture"). Vitruvius is famous for asserting in his book De architectura that a structure must exhibit the three qualities of firmitas, utilitas, venustas – that is, it must be solid, useful, beautiful. These are sometimes termed the Vitruvian virtues or the Vitruvian Triad.

10. The Vitruvian Man Rather than using the complex, geometric transformations of medieval master masons, Renaissance architects favoured simple forms such as the square and the circle. They made drawings of the human figure inscribed within the basic outline of the circle and the square, thereby demonstrating that the human proportions reflected divine ratios.Left: The Vitruvian Man by Leonardo da Vinci an illustration of the human body inscribed in the circle and the square derived from a passage

11. Brunelleschi’s Discovery of PerspectiveFilippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446)A Florentine goldsmith, Brunelleschimoved to Rome and visited the ancientruins. Brunelleschi codified the principlesof geometrically accurate linearperspective, making possible the exactrepresentation of a 3-dimensional objecton a 2-dimensional surface.In making careful drawings of suchrepetitive elements as the arches ofaqueducts, he realized that parallelhorizontal lines converge at a point on thehorizon and that elements of like sizediminish proportionally in the distance.This discovery had a profound effect ofart, architecture and civic design during

12. Among the cultures of the ancient world, only the Greeks and the Romans had spacial depth in art figured out. That is to say, they understood how to create an image with convincing depth and a painted or sculpted illusion of 3 dimensional space.Brunelleschi observed that with a fixedsingle point of view, parallel lines appear toconverge at a single point in the distance.Brunelleschi applied a single vanishing pointto a canvas, and discovered a method forcalculating depth. Trinity,” Masaccio (1427-28) Right: “The

13. Other Developments Gunpowder changed the nature of warfare and therefore relations among nations. The invention of the compass and the development of new techniques in shipbuilding made it possible to expand the limits of the known world into China, the East Indies, India and America. Banking, no longer frowned upon by the Church, began to play a central role in society. The hereditary nobles of feudal times were ousted by a new class of merchant princes – the Medici, the Strozzi, the Rucellai, the Pitti – whose commercial empires spread throughout Europe. Merchant princes and the artists to whom they extended financial patronage became the new universal men of the Renaissance.

14. The Periods of the Renaissance Early Renaissance ca. 1400-1500 Brunelleschi, Alberti High Renaissance ca. 1500-1525 Bramante Late Renaissance ca. 1525-1600 Palladio

15. Renaissance Architecture Renaissance architecture tends to feature planar classicism (i.e. ―flat classicism‖). In other words, the walls of a Renaissance building (both exterior and interior) are embellished with classical motifs (e.g. columns, pediments, blind arches) of minor physical depth, such that they intrude minimally on the two-dimensional appearance of the walls. Put another way, the walls of a Renaissance building serve as flat canvases for a classical veneer. This contrasts sharply with Baroque architecture, in which walls are deeply curved and sculpted (―sculpted classicism‖). Planar classicism also tends to divide a wall into neat sections, with such elements as columns, pilasters, and stringcourses. (A stringcourse is a thin, horizontal strip of material that runs along the exterior of a building, often to mark the division between stories.) A Baroque wall, on the other hand, is treated as a continuous, undulating whole. The foremost Renaissance building types were the church, palazzo (urban mansion), and villa (country mansion). While various great names are associated with Renaissance church and palazzo design, the most famous villa architect by far

16. Characteristics of Renaissance Architecture Renaissance style places emphasison symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of classical antiquity and in particular ancient Roman architecture, of which many examples remained.

17. Characteristics Inspired by Roman buildings, orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. Plans - square, symmetrical appearance in which proportions are usually based on a module Facades - symmetrical around their vertical axis, domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice Columns and pilasters - the Roman orders of columns are used: Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Composite Arches – semi circular Vaults – do not have ribs Domes - the dome is used frequently, both as a very large structural feature that is visible from the exterior

18. Inspired by Roman buildings, orderly arrangementsof columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular archeshemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complexproportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings. Interior courtyard of the Palazzo Palazzo Massimo Alle Colonn Farnese, Rome, by Antonio da Sangallo Rome, 1532-36the Younger and Michelangelo, 1517–89.

19. Plans - square, symmetricalappearance in which proportions are usually based on a module Plan of Chateau de Chamborg, France 1519-1527 The Basilica di Santa Maria del Fiore or the Florence Cathedral

20. Facades - symmetrical around their vertical axis, domestic buildings are often surmounted by a cornice. Below: Palladian Villas

21. Characteristics of Elements Ceilings - roofs are fitted with flat or coffered ceilings, frequently painted or decorated Doors - usually have square lintels, set within an arch or surmounted by a triangular or segmental pediment, in the Mannerist period the ―Palladian‖ arch was employed Walls - external walls are generally of highly finished ashlar masonry, laid in straight courses, the corners of buildings are often emphasised by rusticated quoins, basements and ground floors were often rusticated Details -courses, mouldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision. Studying and mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the important aspects of Renaissance theory, mouldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed, as in Gothic Architecture, sculptured figures may be set in niches or placed on plinths.

22. Above: SantAgostino, Rome Giacomo di Pietrasanta, 1483Ceilings - roofs are fitted with Doors - usually have square lintels, set within flat or coffered an arch or surmounted by a triangular or ceilings, frequently painted segmental pediment, in the Mannerist period the ―Palladian‖ arch was employed

23. Left: Palazzo Medici- Riccardi, Michelozzo di Bartolomeo. Top: Quoining on the corners of Palazzo Aragona Gonzaga, Rome.Walls - external walls are generally ofhighly finished ashlar masonry, laid instraight courses, the corners of buildingsare often emphasised byrusticated quoins, basements and groundfloors were often rusticated

24. RusticationA popular decorative treatment of the Renaissance palazzo was rustication, in which a masonry wall is textured rather than smooth.This can entail leaving grooves in the joints between smooth blocks, using roughly dressed blocks, or using blocks that have been deliberately textured. The rustication of a Renaissance palazzo is often differentiated between stories.

25. Details -courses, mouldings and all decorative details are carved with great precision. Studying and mastering the details of the ancient Romans was one of the important aspects of Renaissance theory, mouldings stand out around doors and windows rather than being recessed, as in Gothic Architecture, sculptured figures may be set in niches

26. Giorgio Vasari and the Vite Giorgio Vasari 30 July 1511 – 27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, writer, historian, and architect, who is famous today for his biographies of Renaissance artists, considered the ideological foundation of art-historical writing. As the first Italian art historian, he initiated the genre of an encyclopedia of artistic biographies that continues today. Vasari coined the term "Renaissance" (rinascita) in print, though an awareness of the ongoing "rebirth" in the arts had been in the air from the time of Alberti. Vasaris Le Vite de più eccellenti pittori, scultori, ed architettori (Lives of the Most Eminent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects) — dedicated to Grand Duke Cosimo I de Medici— was first published in 1550.

27. The Architects of the Renaissance Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 –1446) Michelozzo di Bartolomeo (1396-1472) Leon Battista Alberti( 1404-1472) Donato Bramante (1444 –1514) Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580) Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573) Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564)

28. Filippo BrunelleschiFilippo Brunelleschi (1377 1446) was one of theforemost architects and engineers of the ItalianRenaissance. He is perhaps most famous for hisdiscovery of perspective and for engineering the domeof the Florence Cathedral, but his accomplishmentsalso include other architecturalworks, sculpture, mathematics, engineering and evenship design. His principal surviving works are to befound in Florence, Italy.

29. The Florence Cathedral dome (1436) by Filippo BrunelleschiBrunelleschi drew upon hisknowledge of ancient Romanconstruction as well as lingeringGothic traditions to produce aninnovative synthesis.•Employed the Gothic pointed archcross section instead of a semicircular one•To reduce dead load, he created adouble shell as was done in thePantheon•Employed 24 vertical ribs and 5horizontal rings of sandstone, asobserved in the ruins of Romanconstruction•The cupola on top was a temple ofmasonry acting as a weight on top of

30. The Foundling Hospital, 1421-1444 by Filippo Brunelleschi The Foundling Hospital is often considered as the first building of the Renaissance.

31. The Foundling Hospital, 1421-1444 by Filippo Brunelleschi• Featured a continuous arcade• At the hospital the arcading is three dimensional, creating a loggia with domed vaults in each bay.• Use of Corinthian columns across its main facade and around an internal courtyard.• The design was based in Roman architecture.

32. Other Brunelleschi projects Pazzi Chapel, 1460The facade was inspired by the Roman triumphal arch. San Lorenzo, Florence, (1430-33) This church is seen as one of the milestones of Renaissance architecture, with pietra serena or dark stone articulation.

33. The Basilica of Santa Maria del Santo Spirito ("St. Mary of the Holy Spirit"), 1481San Spirito, begun 1445. The planplayed on the configurations of thesquare. The current church wasconstructed over the pre-existing ruinsof an Augustinian priory from the 13thcentury, destroyed by a fire.

34. Michelozzo di Bartolomeo(1396-1472) Italian architect and sculptor.

35. Michelozzo Bartolomeo (1396-1472) and the Palazzo Medici Cosimo de Medici of Florence The Palazzo Medici is a Renaissance palace located in Florence. • Bartolomeo was a student of Brunelleschi. • The Palazzo was influenced by the Foundling Hospital. • Used the arcaded courtyard of the hospital.

36. The Palazzo Medici, Florence 1444•Rustication- stone blocks with deeply recessed chamfered joints•Had three tiers of graduated textures, beginning with rock-faced stone atthe street level and concluding with smooth ashlar at the third level below a10-ft high cornice with modillions, egg and dart moldings and a dentilcourse.•It was the first such cornice since ancient times.•The building reflected Renaissance ideals of symmetry, the use ofclassical elements and careful use of mathematical proportions.

37. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472) Alberti wasan Italian author, artist, architect, poet, priest, linguist, ph ilosopher, cryptographer and general Renaissance humanist polymath.

38. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)•Was a classical theorist who saw architectureas a way to address societal order.•Alberti defined the Renaissance architect as auniversalist, an intellectual, a man of geniusand a consort to those in positions of powerand authority. He himself was a Renaissanceman.•He worked in Rome after his studies inFlorence where he had many opportunities tosee the monuments of antiquities as well asmeet the artists who were visiting them.•Alberti studied the writings of the classicalworld like Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch and Plinythe Elder.•He wrote Della Pittura (On Painting) where itincluded Brunelleschi’s theories of perspectiveand De Re Aedificatoria (On Building), thefirst architectural treatise of the Renaissance.•The book was influenced by Vitruvius’ TheTen Books of Architecture.

39. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)The Palazzo Rucellai (1446-1451) was the first building to use the classical orders on a Renaissance domestic building.

40. San Maria Novella was the first completed design for a church facade in theRenaissance. Alberti linked the lower aisle roof to the pedimented higher nave with flanking scrolls. Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472)

41. Basilica of SantAndrea, (1472-94) The Basilica of SantAndrea is in Mantua, L ombardy, Italy. It is one of the major works of 15th century Renaissance architecture in Northern Italy. Commissioned by Ludovico II Gonzaga, the church was begun in 1462 according to designs by Leon Battista Alberti on a site occupied by a Benedictine monastery, of which the bell tower (1414) remains. The building, however, was finished only 328 years later. The facade of S. Andrea, Mantua, (1472-94) is

42. Interior, S. Andrea, MantuaThe assemblage of classical elements on the interior presents the first Renaissancevision rivalling the monumentality of the interior spaces of such ancient Roman ruins as the basilicas or baths.

43. Donato Bramante (1444 –1514) was an Italian architect, who introduced Renaissance architecture to Milan and the High Renaissance style to Rome, where his plan for St. Peters Basilica formed the basis of the design executed by Michelangelo.His Tempietto (San Pietro in Montorio) marked the beginningof the High Renaissance in Rome (1502) when Alexander VIappointed him to build a sanctuary that allegedly marked the spot where Peter was crucified.

44. San Maria presso San Satiro (1482-92),For the church of San Mariapresso San Satiro (1482-92), astreet prevented Bramante fromadding a conventional choir. Hecreated a low relief that whenviewed on axis, has theconvincing appearance of a barrelvaulted choir. Using theillusionistic potential of linearperspective , he created whatmust be the ultimate use of thisdevice in 15th c architecture.

45. The Tempietto, Rome (begun 1502)•Built for King Ferdinand andQueen Isabella of Spain•The erection of a monument atopthe spot where St Peter wasbelieved to have been martyred.•Bramante designed his building toembody both the Platonicpreference for ideal form andChristian reverence for tradition, inthis case reverence for the circularmartyrium of the early church.•The building is a 2-story cylindercapped by a hemispherical domeand surrounded by a one-storyDoric colonnade with entablatureand balustrade.•The metope panels of the friezedisplays symbols connecting thecurrent authority of the Pope to the

46. Donato Bramante (1444-1514) St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome, (1505)Bramante’s scheme represented a building on the scale of the Baths of Diocletian capped by a dome comparable to that of the Pantheon. Started in April 1506. By the time the church was completed in nearly 150 years later, almost every major architect of the 16th and 17th c had been engaged.

47. Andrea Palladio (1508 –1580) Andrea Palladio was an architect active in the Republic of Venice. Palladio, influenced by Roman and Greek architecture, primarily by Vitruvius, is widely considered the most influential individual inthe history of Western architecture. All of his buildings are located in what was the Venetian Republic, but his teachings, summarized in the architectural treatise, The Four Books of Architecture, gained him wide recognition.

48. The Four Books of ArchitectureAndrea Palladio produced a body of work inarchitecture that arguably has been the mostwritten about in all of Western architecture.He went on study trips to Rome and madeaccurate information on classicalproportions, which he later used in hisdesigns for buildings.The Four Books of Architecture:•Orders of architecture•Domestic architecture•Public buildings•Town planning•TemplesNumerals on the plans give widths andlengths of rooms and heights. It was the mostcoherent system of proportions in theRenaissance.

49. Villa Rotonda, Vicenza (1566-70)was his most famous residential design. It is square in plan with a central 2 story rotonda. The central domed space radiates out to the 4 porticoes and to the elegantly proportioned rooms in the corner. It is a powerful yet simple scheme, one that would be copied many times.

50. The design is for a completely symmetrical building having a square plan with four facades, each of which has a projecting portico. The whole is contained within an imaginary circle which touches each corner of the building and centres of the porticos.The name La Rotonda refers to the central circular hall with its dome. To describe the villa, as a whole, as a rotonda is technically incorrect, as the building is not circular but rather the intersection of a square with a cross. Each portico has steps leading up, and opens via a small cabinet or corridor to the circular domed central hall. This and all other rooms were proportioned with mathematical precision

51. Villa Barbaro, Maser (1557-58) was the first example of a temple front used extensively on a domestic building. Villa Barbaro, also known as the Villa di Maser, is a large villa at Maser inthe Veneto region of northern Italy. Itwas designed and built by the Italian architect Andrea Palladio.

52. San Giorgio Maggiore, 1566-1610San Giorgio Maggiore is a 16th century Benedictine church on the island of thesame name in Venice, designed by Andrea Palladio and built between 1566 and 1610. The church is a basilica in the classical renaissance style and its brilliant white marble gleams above the blue water of the lagoon opposite the Piazzetta and forms the focal point of the view from every part of the Riva degli Schiavoni.

53. Palladio offered a new solution to the Renaissance problem of placing a classical facade in front of a basilican cross section. He combined two temple fronts: a tall one consisting of four Corinthian columns on pedestals that support a pediment at the end of the nave, superimposed over a wide one, with smaller Corinthian pilasters, that matches the sloping aisle roofs.

54. Giacomo da Vignola (1507 –1573) was one of the great Italian architects of 16th century Mannerism. His two great masterpieces arethe Villa Farnese at Caprarola and the Jesuits Church of the Gesù in Rome.

55. The Villa Farnese, also known as Villa Caprarola, Northern Lazio, Italy . This villa should not be confused with the Palazzo Farnese and the Villa Farnesina, both in Rome. The villa is one of the finest examples of Renaissance architecture.Ornament is used sparingly to achieve proportion and harmony. Thus whilethe villa dominates the surroundings, its severe design also complements the site. This particular style, known today as Mannerism, was a reaction to the ornate earlier High Renaissance designs of twenty years earlier.

56. "Canon of the five orders of architecture―, 1562His two published books helped formulate the canon of classical architectural style. The earliest, "Canon of the five orders of architecture" (first published in 1562, probably in Rome), presented Vignolas practical system for constructing columns in the five classical orders (Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthia n and Composite) utilizing proportions which Vignola derived from his own measurements of classical Roman monuments.The clarity and ease of use of Vignolas treatise caused it to become in succeeding centuries the most published

57. The Church of the Gesù, Rome, 1568The Church of the Gesù is the mother church of the Society of Jesus, a Roman Catholic religious order also known as the Jesuits. Officially named Church of the Most Holy Name of Jesus, its facade is "the first truly baroque façade", i ntroducing the baroque style into architecture.The church served as model for innumerable Jesuit chu rches all over the world, especially in the Americas. The Church of the Gesù is located in the Piazza

58. Michelangelo Buonarotti (1475 – 1564) Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni commonly known as Michelangelo wasan Italian Renaissance sculptor, painter, architect, poet,and engineer who exerted an unparalleled influence on the development ofWestern art. Despite making few forays beyond the arts, his versatility in the disciplines he took up was of such a high order that he is often considered a contender for the title of the archetypal Renaissance man, along with fellow Italian Leonardo da Vinci.

59. The Palazzo FarneseThe Palazzo Farnese facade has a cornice and central window with coat of armsat the piano nobile level. Unlike the Florentine interpretation of the type, thispalazzo has rustication only in the form of quoins and at the entry has classicallyinspired window surrounds.

60. The Medici Chapels are two structures at the Basilica of San Lorenzo, Florence, Italy, dating from the 16th and 17th centuries, and built as extensions to Brunelleschis 15th century church, with the purpose of celebrating the Medici family, patrons of the church and Grand Dukes of Tuscany. The Sagrestia Nuova, ("New Sacristy"), was designed by Michelangelo.

61. Tomb of Lorenzo di Piero deMedici with Dusk and DawnTomb of Giuliano di Lorenzo de Medici with Night and Day

62. The Laurentian library, Florence, 1524Laurentian Library vestibule andstairs by Michelangelo (c. 1524-34). The library is located ontop of an existing monasterybuilding in San Lorenzo, Florence.The staircase is a piece ofdynamic sculpture that appears topour forth from the upper level likelava and compress the limitedfloor space of the vestibule.The impacted columns astride thisdoorway create in architecture thesame kind of tension expressed inthe reclining figures atMichelangelo’s Medici Chapel.

63. The stairway connecting the high, narrow space of the vestibule to the long, low room of the library proper is among the most remarkable inventions of mannerist architecture. It was built under the direction of Bartolomeo Ammannati in 1559--more than thirty years after work on the vestibule had begun--in accordance with a clay model sent from Rome by Michelangelo.As has often been remarked, it resembles a lava flow that the walls seem intent on containing. Here the volutes assume a character totally at odds with the static quality of the consoles from which they derive, having been invested with great power, bulging forward in the center only to recede in the lateral swirls and assume conventional form to either side of the balustrade. The

64. The Laurentian library, Florence, 1524The Laurentian Library is one of Michelangelos most important architectural achievements.The admirable distribution of the windows, the construction of the ceiling, and the fine entrance of the Vestibule can never be sufficiently extolled. Boldness and grace are equally conspicuous in the work as a whole, and in every part; in the cornices, corbels, the niches for statues, the commodious staircase, and its fanciful division-in all the building, as a word, which is so unlike the common fashion of treatment, that every one stands amazed at the sight thereof. – Giorgio Vasari.

65. The reading room of the Laurentian Library Laurentian Library. wooden reading desks.

66. Michelangelos Pietà, a depiction of thebody of Jesus on the lap of hismother Maryafter the Crucifixion, wascarved in 1499, when the sculptor was 24years old. The Statue of David, completed by Michelangelo in 1504, is one of the most renowned works of the Renaissance.

67. St. Peter’s Basilica by Michelangelo, Donato Bramante, Giacomo della Porta and Carlo Maderno.Michelangelo’s dome for St Peter’s basilica has a hemispherical form. DellaPorta, who constructed the dome after Michelangelo’s death, employed a tallerprofile in order to decrease the lateral thrust and use the lantern cupola to force theweight of the dome towards the drum.

68. Papal Basilica of Saint Peterhas the largest interior of any Christian church in the world

69. The Renaissance in FranceFrench Renaissance architecture is the style ofarchitecture which was imported to France from Italy duringthe early 16th century and developed in the light of localarchitectural traditions.During the early years of the 16th century the French wereinvolved in wars in northern Italy, bringing back to France notjust the Renaissance art treasures as their war booty, butalso stylistic ideas. In the Loire Valley a wave of building wascarried and many Renaissance chateaux appeared at thistime, the earliest example being the Château dAmboise.

70. The Renaissance in France – the ChateauxThe cultural center of France in the early 16th c was not Paris, but the valley of theLoire, where the king and his nobles maintained elaborate chateaux or castles forleisure, entertaining and attending to the pleasures of the hunt. Blois in particularillustrates the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance style. Blois inparticular illustrates the transition from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance throughthe successive stages of its construction.

71. The Chateaux de Chambord By Domenico de Cortona. In contrast to this town-based chateau, the Chateaux de Chambord (1519-47) was built in the countryside in the style of a fortified castle within a bailey or outer wall, thus neatlyoverlaying Renaissance symmetry and detailing on a fundamentally medieval building type.

72. The Louvre Palace was altered frequently throughout the MiddleAges. In the 14th century, Charles V converted the building into a residence and in 1546, Francis I renovated the site in the French Renaissance style. The Louvre, Paris (begun 1546) By Pierre Lescot

73. The Place des Vosges, Paris, 1605

74. Originally known as the Place Royale, the Place des Vosges was built by Henri IV from 1605 to 1612. A true square (140 m x 140 m), it embodied the first European program of royal city planning and is the oldest planned square in Paris.What was new about the Place Royale in 1612 was that the housefronts were all built to the same design, probably by Baptiste du Cerceau, of red brick with strips of stone quoins over vaulted arcades that stand on square pillars. The steeply-

75. The Renaissance in EnglandRenaissance architecture arrived in England during thereign of Elizabeth I, having first spread through the Low countries where among other features it acquired versions of the Dutch gable, and Flemish strapwork in geometric designs adorning the walls. The new style tended to manifest itself in large square tall houses such as Longleat House.

76. Elizabethan Country Houses Wollaton Hall by Robert Smythson, 1580Wollaton Hall, Nottinghamshire, Robert Smythson (1580-88). Wollaton wasbuilt between 1580 and 1588 for Sir Francis Willoughby and is believed tobe designed by the Elizabethan architect, Robert Smythson, who was the

77. Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire by Robert Smythson 1590-97Hardwick Hall, Derbyshire, Robeert Smythson (1590-97) Hardwick Hall, inDerbyshire, is one of the most significant Elizabethan country houses in England. Incommon with its architect Robert Smythsons other works at both Longleat Houseand Wollaton Hall, Hardwick Hall is one of the earliest examples of the Englishinterpretation of the Renaissance style of architecture, which came into fashion whenit was no longer thought necessary to fortify ones home.

78. Inigo Jones 1573 – 1652Inigo Jones is regarded as the first significant British architect of the modern period, and the first to bring Italianate Renaissance architecture to England. He left his mark on London by single buildings, such as the Banqueting House, Whitehall and in area design for Covent Above: Queens House, Greenwich, 1616 was built for Garden square James I’s wife, Anne of Denmark. It was finished in 1635 which became a and was the first strictly classical building in model for future England, employing ideas found in the architecture of developments in Palladio and ancient Rome. This is Inigo Joness earliest the West End. St. Paul’s, Covent surviving work.

79. Banqueting House, Whitehall, Londo n (1619-22) The Banqueting House, Whitehall, London, is the grandest and best known survivor of the architectural genre of banqueting house, and the only remaining component of the Palace of Whitehall. The building is important in the history of English architecture as the first building to be completed in the neo- classical style whichIn Tudor and Early Stuart English architecture a was to transformbanqueting house is a separate building reached English architecture. through pleasure gardens from the main residence, whose use is purely for entertaining. Begun in 1619, and designed by Inigo Jones in a style influenced by

80. FIN

81. The VitruviusManFor if a man be placed flat on hisback, with his hands and feetextended, and a pair ofcompasses centered at thenavel, the fingers and toes of histwo hands and feet will touch thecircumference of a circledescribed therefrom. And, just asthe human body yields a circularoutline, so too a square form maybe found from it. For if wemeasure the soles of the feet tothe top of the head, and thenapply that measure to theoutstretched arms, the breadthwill be found to be the same asthe height, as in the case ofplane surfaces which areperfectly square.

82. The TiempettoDonato Bramante (1444-1514)

83. Villa RotondaAndrea Palladio (1508-1580)

84. Architecture, music and geometry•Pythagoras – discovered musicalconsonances•Renaissance architects derivedwhole number ratios, such as 1:1.1:2, 2:3 and 3:4. They believed thatthe innate harmony of these ratioswould be impressed upon anyoneexperiencing spaces determined bythem. Humanists were convinced thatGod’s cosmic order could beexpressed on earth through suchmathematical proportions, which wereinevitably related to the mensurationof the human body.In this context, the circular churchrepresented the most perfectform, absolute, immutable.Echoing celestial harmony.

85. Giovanni bataggioPavia cathedral (1490) Santa maria della croce

86. Frequently painted or decoratedCeilings the sistine chapel ceiling